The topos of sin belongs not only to the core stock of theological themes, it also offers a theological key to understanding the origins of the cultural situation of our present time. The internationally renowned theologian and philosopher of religion Ingolf U. Dalferth shows this at exemplary points along the guideline of the question of the humanity of man and thus contradicts the widespread "oblivion of sins" of German Protestant theology. The result is not a classical theological treatise on the topic of sin, but a critical history of sin in which theological considerations help to diagnose exemplary developments in the history of European thought. Dalferth's book criticises the branch of the Enlightenment tradition which believes that it is possible to leave behind the interpretation of the human condition determined by the topos of sin and pleads for a realistic view of man. Whoever believes in the "sinless" man and thinks to be able to create the kingdom of heaven on earth, builds on hell.