Major strides have been made in the treatment and understanding of Myelodysplasia. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved three new drugs for the treatment of MDS; new disease genes have been discovered; major insights have been made into the biology of the disorder; and animal models of MDS have been developed. The articles in this issue illustrate the rapid progress in MDS research, from molecular pathophysiology to improved therapies. Insights into the biology of MDS, the development of model systems to study MDS, and the application of new technologies with unprecedented power to interrogate the cancer genome promise to increase the rate of discovery, transforming our understanding of MDS and leading to improvements in the treatment this disease.